Federico Pappalardo graduated at Catania Medical School in 1995 and spent his residency programme in Anesthesia and Intensive Care at the Catholic University of the Sacred Heart. He is currently Associate Professor at Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, where he works as Director of the Advanced Heart Failure and Mechanical Circulatory Program, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan. Federico’s major fields of interest are mechanical circulatory support, coagulation, biocompatibility and bioengineering.